The claim
A page cannot appear in Google Search results unless it has first been discovered, crawled, rendered and successfully indexed.
What the evidence shows
Google's 'How Search works' and crawling/indexing documentation set out an explicit pipeline: URL discovery, crawling by Googlebot, rendering (including JavaScript execution) and indexing. If any stage fails - a page is blocked in robots.txt, returns errors, or is deemed a duplicate - it will not be eligible to rank, regardless of content quality.